Showing posts with label police. Show all posts
Showing posts with label police. Show all posts

Saturday, November 5, 2011

Broken Windows Theory

According to Expresso, the amount of grafitti on trains is a huge problem.  It has gotten to the point that the authorities cannot keep up and passengers no longer can see the outside:

Some look at grafitti with mild eyes.  It is also called street art.  In a few places, such as abandoned buildings that may be true.  But not when it destroys property - public or private.  Then it is pure vandalism.  Most of grafitti is just simple tagging.  Some even paint inside buildings, inside trains and sometimes dangerously overwrite traffic signs.  Often painting is not sufficient and windows and metal are permanently damaged by scratching.

One cannot but wonder why the authorities do not do take more action.  I once saw a couple of youths vandalizing a bus stop.  Nearby a lady reported it to a policeman.  He was not interested.   I doubt it is because of the not so low number of police in this country.

New York used to be one of the cities in the US with most crime.  Currently, it is the one with the lowest rate of crime when considering the largest cities.

New York authorities claim it is because of the "broken windows theory" and the subsequent measures taken:
Consider a building with a few broken windows. If the windows are not repaired, the tendency is for vandals to break a few more windows. Eventually, they may even break into the building, and if it's unoccupied, perhaps become squatters or light fires inside. Or consider a sidewalk. Some litter accumulates. Soon, more litter accumulates. Eventually, people even start leaving bags of trash from take-out restaurants there or breaking into cars.
What the police in New York was told to do, was to spend more energy on petty crime, such as vandalism (including grafitti) and littering.  Thus anti-social behavior would be stopped early and fewer youths would enter a career of heavy crime.

It sounds like common sense to me. Though of course most sociologists point to other socioeconomic (left wing?) parameters as the cause of he lower crime rate.

But prevention is nearly always cheaper than treatment.  If you take into account the social and economic costs - it then becomes a no-brainer.

May I suggest that every grafitti painter caught is given a fine commensurate with the cost of cleaning?  In case of them being minors - let their parents pay. On top of that put them to clean up while they serve time.

Wednesday, October 26, 2011

Police(s) in Portugal

Guarda Nacional Republicana, Soldiers

I seem to have a vague memory of more types of armed police in Portugal than currently. But even so we are exceptionally well served:


Ministry of Justice:

Ministry of Internal Administration:

Ministry of Defense:


Ministry of Economy and Innovation:


Also included could be the secret service. But let us leave them out of it for now.


All in all there is a little bit less than an approximate 58000 police in Portugal (it is quite difficult to find current numbers - are they a secret?)  - excluding pure military police, i.e. police that does not interact with civilians. To compare with other countries that gives Portugal a ratio of less than 200 citizens per police person.

To this number of around 60000 comes a unknown number of civil servants working for/with the police.  Probably more than 10000.

The EU average ratio is 350 according to this source. However, check this, albeit older source indicating these numbers:


Sweden          328
Canada          358
United Kingdom  400
United States   459
Netherlands     553
Japan           556
Denmark         594
France          632
Finland         643
Norway          661


Update:  According to this EU Report, Portugal is the country in Europe (but for Cypres) with the most police (see page 89).  However, the number of police is stated to be "only" 51000.  I think my numbers are more correct.

May I suggest the following:

  1. Let there be one police corps. One basic police education (in one location!) equivalent to a low level university education (3-4 years). Everybody wishing to join the police will start the same way.   Then there later will be specialization to traffic, criminal investigation, economic crimes, border control, military law etc.   This would give "esprit de corps" to all policemen - police with different areas of responsibility might even start to co-operate. It will also give a lot of career possibilities. It might even lead to less fat in the form of levels of managers and bureaucracy.
  2. Abolish the Autoridade de Segurança Alimentar e Económica policemen. I am sure the bureaucrats can manage to inspect a restaurant or bakery all by themselves. If need be, they can ask for assistance. 
  3. Abolish the Polícia Judiciária Militar, military police for criminal investigation. Surely this job can be taken over by the civilian police. They just have to study a few extra laws.
  4. Join the Polícia do ExércitoPolícia Aérea and Polícia Naval into one unified military police. Surely that is sufficient and more cost effective. But let them stay somewhat apart from the normal police. All should, nevertheless, complete the basic police education in addition to military education.
  5. Consider whether the prison guards should be armed. If so they should be police. Otherwise disarm them and make them prison guards only with statute lower than police.
  6. Abolish the Guarda Nacional Republicana. Military have no business policing civilians. It is a leftover from old dictatorial times!
  7. Abolish the Polícias municipais
  8. Move all the police to the justice department. Alternatively to the Ministry of Internal Affairs as the Ministry of Justice is maybe the least efficient ministry.
According to statistics of serious crime, Portugal is one of the safest countries in the OECD. Lower the number of police to at least the European average. That is at minimum 20000 police less. There be money to be saved here even if raising salaries a bit. Also, I expect the efficiency will be higher with a smaller police force.

BTW, many people in Portugal complain about the police and horrific stories are told. I have personally always found them polite, efficient and helpful.

Curiously, the Portuguese in spite of comparatively low levels of crime, are one of the people in the Western World that feel most insecure. It is common a front door of a dwelling be more related to a bank vault than a house. It will more often than not be reinforced by steel and have at least three locks. To insure that a smaller police force does not make the population pee in their collective pants I suggest an unarmed voluntary reserve police force based on the fantastic system of the voluntary firemen in Portugal. It will be nearly free and it would be a great help to combat petty crime - petty crime by youngsters is nearly always on the road to serious crime.


Update 17.11.2011
The 
Guarda Nacional Republicana does principally belong to the Ministry of Internal Administration (as a reader has corrected me - thanks) concerning civil matters (including policing).  But they are related to the Ministry of Defense in military matters, when considered soldiers.   See Wikipedia article.  I still do not feel comfortable with a police force based on a military organisation.  There is a strong connection with the officers of GNR and the armed forces as well.  This being said, the GNR seem very efficient and a unified police force could very well learn much from it.